What is the total hardness level of city water being processed in the duplex softener?

The total hardness level of city water being processed in the duplex softener is identified as 280 ppm CaCO3. This value indicates the concentration of calcium carbonate in the water, which is the standard measurement for assessing water hardness.

Hardness in water primarily arises from the presence of divalent cations such as calcium and magnesium ions. When water is treated in a softening process, a duplex softener system typically alternates between two softening units to ensure continuous operation and optimal reduction of hardness.

The selected total hardness of 280 ppm CaCO3 is significant as it falls within a range commonly encountered in municipal water supplies, providing a clear understanding of the degree of hardness that the softening system needs to address. A total hardness level at this concentration suggests that the water can cause scale formation and other issues in pipes and appliances if not treated, which is why a softening process is implemented.

By recognizing this particular hardness level, operators can determine how effectively the duplex softener reduces the water hardness, keeping in mind the importance of proper maintenance and performance evaluation of the softening equipment to optimize water quality for use.